The Great Gatsby Symbolism Essay Essays - The Great Gatsby

The Great Gatsby Symbolism Essay The Great Gatsby Symbolism Essay The Hidden Story in Green and White Shading imagery is extremely well known in books composed during the 1920's. One such model is Scott Fitzgerald's tale The Great Gatsby. There is a lot of shading imagery in this novel, yet there are two primary hues that stand apart more than the others. The hues green also, white impact the story enormously. Green shows numerous contemplations, thoughts, perspectives, and decisions that Gatsby has all through the story. White speaks to the cliché faade that each character is taking cover behind. The shading green, as it is utilized in the novel, represents various decisions the character, Gatsby, can make during his life. The green component in this novel is taken from the green light at the finish of the dock close to Daisy's home. The shading itself speaks to tranquility, as in everything is great. This cautions Gatsby that he ought not seek after his fantasy for getting Daisy back, on the grounds that his possibility has passed and everything is as it ought to be. This is appeared with Nick's understanding, ...His dream must have appeared to be near such an extent that he could scarcely neglect to get a handle on it. He didn't realize that it was at that point behind him... (Pg.189) Another symbolization of the shading green, which negates the first, is the signifying go. As in a rush hour gridlock light signal, a great many people partner green with the word and activity go. This can be deciphered as importance Gatsby ought to go for his fantasy decisively. It infers that Gatsby and Daisy are intended to be together and nothing ought to prevent Gatsby from his foreordained bliss and love with Daisy. It moves trust in Gatsby that he is on the correct way, heading towards the best long periods of his life. He accepts that things will before long be as they used to be, just better. I'm going to fix everything simply the manner in which they were previously, he said gesturing firmly. She'll see.(Pg. 117.) The last symbolization the shading green has in this novel is a desire to endeavor ahead throughout everyday life, to improve throughout everyday life furthermore, succeed. Gatsby changes his whole persona for a superior, progressively amiable, picture and status. He is continually endeavoring to be a progressively effective figure in the public arena. Since the time he was a kid he put himself on a timetable with trusts for turning into a profoundly regarded, notable individual. He realized he had a major future before him. (Pg. 181), his father says about him. Jimmy was bound to excel. He generally had a few purposes like this...(Pg. 182). White is the other shading imagery intertwined into this novel. Where green just affected one character, white has a more extensive scope of impact on the characters. This shading represents a certain something, a faade, however it shows up in each character. For instance, Daisy is constantly observed donning white, which gives her and guiltless innocent appearance. It is just as she blames that for when she accomplishes something crazy or silly, causing it to appear as though she doesn't have the foggiest idea about any better. As a general rule, she knows precisely what she does however simply couldn't care less. She utilizes this little princess picture and her cash to conceal her one-sided, self important, what's more, prideful perspective on herself and her way of life. They were thoughtless individuals, Tom and Daisy- - they crushed up things and animals and afterward withdrew once more into their cash or their huge thoughtlessness or whatever it was that kept them together...(Pg. 187-188). Another character that takes cover behind the white emblematic faade is Jordan Baker. She additionally wears white very regularly. She goes about as if she is better than everybody around her. Her stance, her demeanor, and even the things she says infer this self-importance. She was broadened full length at her finish of the divan, totally still and with her jaw raised a little as though she were adjusting something on it which was very prone to fall. In the event that she saw me she me out of the corner of her eyes she gave no trace of it-in fact I was nearly astonished into mumbling an expression of remorse for having upset her by coming in. (Pg.13). She depicts an exhausted and unconcerned mentality about everything, which is a piece of her I am unreasonably bravo appearance. Truly, she simply needs to be as regarded furthermore, socially acknowledged as Gatsby. She isn't eager to assume liability for her activities and utilizations her picture as a gatekeeper suggesting that she proved unable have perhaps done anything indecent, much like Daisy. Notwithstanding, She was hopelessly unscrupulous. She couldn't suffer being off guard, and given this reluctance I

What does it all mean By Nagel

What does everything mean by Nagel is regularly alluded to as the little book of theory among pundits. This is on the grounds that the book gives the peruser a minimized review of all the key constituents of reasoning, for example, the dualism of the psyche and the body and increasingly complex subjects, for example, the importance of the presence of man and his cognizance. The quality that separates Nagel’s work from different takes a shot at acquaintances with theory and its substance is that Nagel utilizes language that invites the new understudy of reasoning in to the subject. We consider this to be as one that permits the layman to obtain an essential information on what's in store in further examinations into reasoning (Nagel, 1987). The basic part considers a delicate passage into the universe of theory and invites the peruser to the idea of inquiries that are to follow in the investigation of reasoning. In â€Å"How Do We Know Anything? † the subsequent section, Nagel states that our general surroundings is the truth since we can contemplate it and validate it, and likewise all the constituents of the world and all the speculations are genuine just in the event that they can be read and validated for their substance. In the third section â€Å"Other Minds†, Nagel is of the supposition that in the event that one individual finds a specific outer boost charming, it isn't sensible to presume that the following individual gets the upgrade with a similar enthusiasm since the main path for the primary individual to have arrived at a resolution in regards to the improvement is through encountering it In Chapter 4, ‘The Mind-Body Problem’, Nagel presents to the peruser the immediate joining between the psyche and the human awareness and reasons that with the end goal for cognizance to encounter an occasion, the cerebrum needs to get an improvement. In Chapter 5, Nagel discusses the impression of the words we use and the names we provide for the components of our general surroundings and if the words we use are genuinely of any hugeness or not. In Chapter 6, Nagel contends upon the unrestrained choice that we exercise and whether our will really is free and in the event that it is of any real criticalness. In Chapter 7, ‘Right and Wrong’, Nagel condemns the meanings of good and bad that man uses to deal with the everyday exercises of his life and questions the authenticity of those definitions. In Chapter 8, ‘Justice’, Nagel contends upon the equity and disparity of the universe that man abides in that is outside the ability to control of man himself. He contends whether it is right to restrict the event of occasions of such wild nature. Part 9 talks about the depressingness of Death and the observation that we have for it and its subject truly being that we trust it to be. In Chapter 10, ‘The Meaning of Life, Nagel hits on a harmony that is the most looked for after in all sections of society. Nagel contends over the truth of the importance, presence and desire forever. Nagel utilizes his trademark technique for composing that rouses examination in the psyches of the peruser and permits the peruser a chance to experience the degrees of acknowledgment that the subject brings to the table and does as such without confounding the peruser through language.

Seven White Hat SEO Strategies for Beginners

Seven White Hat SEO Strategies for Beginners White hat SEO refers to website optimization strategies performed in accordance with the best practices proffered by that largest search engines â€" Google, Bing, and Yahoo. Moreover, white hat SEO strategies are those done in accordance with ethical standards. There are many ways to try to fool search engines into thinking that a website should be ranked higher than it is.These are known as black hat SEO strategies. However, white hat SEO is about providing search engines with a clear and accurate picture of what a website is about, and working to improve visibility in search results by increasing a website’s popularity, relevance, and usefulness.The core underlying principle of white hat strategy is to design a website for maximum user usability in other words, almost as if SEO did not exist. In addition to burnishing a firms reputation for ethical behavior, many of the most influential SEO experts find that the use of white hat SEO strategies provide the best ROI. © Shutterstock.com | Tymonko GalynaSo what are the most effective white hat strategies? After all, there are many. However, it should be noted that while SEO strategies, tactics, and conventions change as search evolves, some fundamental white hat principles have remained the same since inception. In this article, we will cover those white hat SEO strategies that have proven the most effective over time, including 1) content strategy; 2) content marketing; 3) proper keyword and metadata usage; 4) ease of navigation; 5) optimal site performance; 6) having a high-quality link-building strategy; and 7) social media marketing; as well as briefly touch on 8) other white hat SEO strategies.1. CONTENT STRATEGYSearch engine crawlers use site content to index and rank pages. They assess quantity, and relevance of links, freshness of content, metadata, and a number of other factors. One of the best ways to ensure that website content is being indexed properly is to develop content aligned clo sely with the organizational marketing strategy, which incorporates keywords and phrases. These are common search terms used by consumers to find the firm’s brand and/or products/services, as well as those of their competitors. SEO professionals and SEO copywriters should not prioritize keyword density over readability and relevancy for the user. However, copywriters will more naturally incorporate keywords and phrases when copy is developed in furtherance of a marketing goal, such as building brand awareness or selling products.To ensure fresh content, SEO professionals should work with copywriters and other marketing professionals to develop a content roadmap â€" a plan for content development including a publication schedule. This not only affords the firm the ability to align their content with overall brand messaging across media channels, but also harnesses seasonal trends. For example, a firm that outlines its content at the beginning of the year can ensure the development of holiday content, anniversary-related content, and other topics likely to trend and/or be of interest to users.A content roadmap also allows firms to prepare content beforehand, test it on small groups of users, and use web-editing tools to schedule it to go live before its planned scheduling date. In addition to avoiding operational headaches due to last minute content development, firms can increase the effectiveness and stickiness â€" the level to which a site’s content keeps users on the page of the content they publish. Stickiness, as measured by time on site, bounce rate, and other metrics, can help a firm’s improve a firm’s SEO significantly.2. CONTENT MARKETINGThe number one driver of high search visibility is not only consistently publishing, but also distributing high-quality content that drives traffic. SEO professionals must not only optimize content for their website, but for distribution as well. Further, they must development a distribution strategy to optimiz e their SEO. There are multiple methods a firm may use to distribute its content, including (but not limited to) its own corporate blog; guest blog posts; branded social media networks, third-party social networks; and press releases.One goal that should be a part of any comprehensive SEO plan (and indeed any marketing/PR plan) is ensuring that content is distributed buy users themselves. This not only heightens brand awareness, but also spreads branded keywords, and, in some cases, backlinks, which improves SEO. Content shared and endorsed through social media networks, in particular, have a significant impact on SEO, especially when you consider SEO optimization through social search engines, not just through Google, Bing, and Yahoo.To develop sharable content, one should consider virality, brevity, rich features, such as animation, audio, or video, and, of course, relevance. Content residing on a website should have social share buttons, and include calls-to-action in the text it self to share the information, preferably in a unique and creative way.Moving one step beyond simple content distribution is using distributed content to drive traffic back to a firm’s website or landing page. This is the essence of inbound marketing â€" a key component of content marketing specifically focusing on customer acquisition. A firm’s inbound marketing should inform the types of content developed, the publication schedule of said content, and the content itself to achieve marketing and sales goals. In relation to SEO, a well-executed inbound marketing strategy can increase the number of indexable webpages, the time visitors spend on the site, the quantity of backlinks, and both the branded and non-branded keyword density, all of which can significantly improve SEO.Common examples of text-based inbound marketing include whitepapers, industry reports, and email marketing copy. Visual content enjoys much higher rates of engagement than does text-based content. Photos and videos should be incorporated liberally into inbound marketing creative materials. Infographics shared with third-party sites, with backlinks to a firm’s website, are one example of visual content that can drive traffic back to a firm’s website, and help improve SEO.3. PROPER KEYWORD, TITLE, AND METATAG USAGEMetadata refers to information contained in HTML code that provides crawlers with information about the site for indexing and classification purposes. Often neglected or used for black hat SEO purposes like meta-keyword stuffing, proper use of metadata, can improve SEO. SEO professionals should ensure that the keywords and phrases garnered through keyword research are incorporated in the metadata.However, it is important not to overestimate the impact of this technique. Essentially, the SEO professional/webmaster, is telling the crawler what the website is about. The search engine must verify that through other measures, such as keyword density and links. Because this measu re is open to abuse (and abused often), it is not a dominant factor in determining search engine rankings. However, failure to use them properly, either inadvertently or deliberately can have a dramatic negative impact on SEO.If a firm’s website lacks meta descriptions, search engines will randomly select content from the website to appear in search results. This may or may not accurately reflect the website’s purpose and/or content. Overuse of keywords/phrases in metadata can result search engines punitively decreasing a website’s search visibility. Sites are allowed a maximum of 10 keywords in metadata.4. EASE OF NAVIGATIONAs mentioned previously, search engines assess the usefulness of a site, and consider ease of navigation a key component. Not only is it important to users, it is important to the crawlers which ultimately index the sites. Web developers and SEO professionals should ensure that highly useful and heavily trafficked content is easy to access. One good rule o f thumb is that no information should be more than three clicks away.Web developers should avoid irrelevant links, use universally recognizable links, and provide a structure that is clear for users. Web developers should test their website’s navigations with users both internal and external to their organization periodically, and especially when new site features are planned.Poor navigation can decrease visitor time on site and increase its bounce rate â€"  the proportion of users who enter a site and immediately leave without visiting a second page, as well as harm a firm’s link building and/or PR strategy. Moreover, poor navigation can lead crawlers to prioritize non-essential websites in search rankings.One tool that can be used to improve a website’s indexability is an XML sitemap â€" a file of XML code that indicate the links that make up the website. XML sitemaps provide crawlers with maps of recommended links to crawler and index.5. SITE PERFORMANCEAnother measure sea rch engines consider is site and page performance. Obviously, if a site or its pages, are unavailable, the search engine’s crawlers cannot index them. As competing SEO professionals are continuously working to improve the search visibility of their respective sites, a month, a week, or even a day of non-performing pages can have a dramatic negative effect on a firm’s SEO. Just like poor navigation, non-performing pages can decrease site traffic, increase its bounce rate, generate negative PR, and harm an organization’s ability to execute a solid link building strategy.Site speed is another consideration. In addition to user impact, Google has indicated that sites with long loading times would be penalized. While it is unknown to what extent this factor directly influences overall search results, it is in keeping with Google’s efforts to encourage web developers to create websites that maximize usability for visitors.6. HIGH-QUALITY LINK BUILDINGIn the early days of SEO, conv entional wisdom held that it was best to obtain incoming links from as many websites regardless of what those websites were, as possible. Today, SEO professionals know that the relevance and popularity of the websites that house incoming links are just as, if not more, important than the quantity of incoming links.Search engines routinely asses backlinks for their relevance to the site in question, and will either discount or penalize websites containing irrelevant backlinks. For example, a website about farming in Wisconsin containing a number of links from Eastern European websites about technology will draw a red flag. This is an indication that the firm and/or SEO professional has paid for links to boost SEO; moreover, visits from these sites are likely to be low and/or have a high bounce rate. Paid search links are known as unnatural links â€" defined by Google as:“Any links intended to manipulate PageRank or a sites ranking in Google search results may be considered part of a link scheme and a violation of Google’s Webmaster Guidelines.”  While use of paid links will not automatically trigger punitive action, they will be assessed thoroughly within the context of Google’s (and another search engine) ranking criteria. Many firms are able to improve SEO through a mix of paid and earned links, all from relevant referring sites. The best way to use link-building to improve SEO is to focus on natural or organic links â€" those naturally developed backlinks.If firms do purchase links, they should do so from high-quality sites that are relevant to their content and/or audience. Moreover, they should seek PR opportunities that provide them with backlink opportunities. These include, but are not limited to news coverage on news sites, press releases, blog coverage, coverage in online trade publications, and guest blogging opportunities. A link from a well traffic news media site can improve SEO dramatically, and perhaps, just as importantly, sustainably. 7. SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETINGSocial media presence plays a role in search visibility. While there are mixed opinions about the direct impact of social on overall SEO, social media marketing can lead to improved SEO in a number of ways:When users are enamored of a firm’s content, they may share it with friend, increasing distribution. If it is of considerable interest or goes viral, it may be covered by a reporter.Google personalizes search results for Google+ users. Content that has been +1’ed (Liked) by other Google+ users will have higher visibility in search results for Google+ users. Bing personalizes results with Facebook activity.Social media marketing increases overall brand awareness, which in turn increases the number of users searching for a firm’s site and can increase traffic. Popularity and traffic, of course, are measures considered by search engines when ranking sites.Co-citation ­ â€" a brand mention without a link, can improve SEO. Google sees it as a brand signal , a natural (non-manipulated) indicator of popularity; thus, co-citation, increase rank.Social media profiles in search engine results can increase overall search visibility. Many firms, with a number of active, branded social media channels, sees these results appear either immediately following or within a few results of, their website listing on search result pages.Further, as previously mentioned, social search engines should be included in any SEO plan. In some cases, social engines outstrip the traditional triumvirate of Google, Yahoo and Bing. YouTube, for example, surpassed Yahoo as the second largest search engine in 2008, and as of 2013, handles 3 billion search inquiries per month. That means optimizing social profiles will enhance their visibility in social search engine results. This can be accomplished through completed profiles, consistently engaging content updates, and opportunities for two-way engagement. Content should contain rich media elements, such as photo an d video. SEO professionals should also ensure that social media marketers are not simply pushing marketing messages, but fostering engagement opportunities by soliciting feedback and providing users chances to create content.Depending on who you ask, social links may or may not improve SEO. If they, in fact do not directly factor into a particular search engine’s algorithm, that does not mean they should be discounted. Traffic assists in brand awareness and overall search volume.8. OTHER STRATEGIESOther white hat strategies include both offline and online paid advertising can increase overall brand awareness and news coverage, which can translate to online visibility. Testing is an often neglecting component of white hat strategy that can optimize not only content, but site performance, advertising, and PR efforts, also leading to increased overall offline and online visibility.

Essay on Annotated Bibliography Employee Engagement

Table of content 1. Introduction 2 2. Annotated Bibliography 2 3. Analysis 9 4. Recommendations for practice 12 5. Conclusion 12 References 13 1. Introduction Employee engagement (EE) is an essential part of organizational life and of paramount interest to human resource management (HRM) professionals in the banking industry due to its influence on the organizational outcomes. This paper therefore examines the topic with the aim of defining EE and identifying the use of, value and benefits of EE to be obtained from industry surveys. This paper begins with the annotated bibliographies of 12 journal articles, followed by an analysis of the relationship between these key findings. The researcher†¦show more content†¦The main limitation of this article is that the study does not include foreign banks, thus the authors indicate that further research needs to incorporate banks of foreign origin including more variables under the theoretical framework as well as multiple measurement methods enhancing the justifiability of the theoretical model like focus group interviews, nominal group technique, etc. This article will not form the basis of my research; however it will be useful supplementary information for my research on EE within the banking industry. Wefald, A. J. Downey, R. G. (2009). Job engagement in organizations: fad, fashion, or folderol? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 141-145. In this A*-rated article Wefald and Downey review recent literature on EE answering the question if job engagement in organizations is a fad, fashion, or folderol. Their research focuses on the differences between the academic and organizational view of engagement, identifying that the organizational view focuses on macro issues versus researchers focus on the micro view which might influence measurement and other methods. The article is useful for my research topic as Wefald and Downey explore how organizations are using engagement. The main limitation of this article is that the literature review could have been further analysed in order to explain how EE could be influenced by HR practices. The authorsShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography: Workplace Absenteeism or Anxiety and Depression5481 Words   |  22 PagesQuestion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . 8 5. A List of Key Terms amp; Definitions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 6. Annotated Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.12 a. List of 6 (Best) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 b. List of 2 (Non-research based)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 c. List of 2 (Irrelevant) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...27 7. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦28 8. References / Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦30 Introduction The topics for this individual assignment are: Workplace absenteeismRead MoreThe Role Of Cultural Perceptions That Were Reinforced By Servant Leadership1705 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial, community and physical) to employee engagement items. However, the benefit of knowing what those items were was not provided; only the summary results were given. The specific results of this survey found that manager who had a higher well-being was associated with increased manager engagement, lower manager turnover and increased employee engagement, which led to increased business outcomes. Manager engagement is a key factor influencing employee engagement as suggested in other surveys inRead MoreEthical Leadership : A Study Of Its Effects On The Sustainability And Longevity Of International Organizations1826 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction This paper contains a brief annotated bibliography composed of five research articles selected on a specific research topic, which could be conducive towards a preliminary research proposal. The preliminary title of my research topic is â€Å"Institutionalized Ethical Leadership: A study of its effects on the sustainability and longevity of international organizations.† Annotated Bibliography Brown, M., Trevià ±o, L. (2014). Do Role Models Matter? An Investigation of Role Modeling as anRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography And Outline. Malik, S. (2012). A1273 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography and Outline Malik, S. (2012). A Study of Relationship between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate Job Expectancies: A Path-Goal Approach. Pakistan Journal of Commerce Social Sciences, 6(2), 357-371. The quality of an organization s products and the performance of the managers are instrumental in the success of the organization. It is worth noting that the manager s leadership style has a fundamental relationship to an organization s success because the decision made by theRead MoreAllentown (Epd) Case Analysis7182 Words   |  29 PagesPhase III (Improvement of Inter-Functional Coordination) Provide stronger leadership through implementation of an Office of Strategy Management (OSM), a Balanced Scorecard approach, enrolment of Don Rogers in an executive education program and engagement of an external consultant to develop the management team’s change and conflict resolution skills Implementation of these recommendations will improve communication and coordination between functional groups and enhance new product developmentRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1705 Words   |  7 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Agocs, C. (1997). Institutionalized resistance to organizational change: Denial, inaction and repression.  Journal of Business Ethics,  16(9), 917-931. This article discusses the pros and cons of advocating change within the workplace. It also discusses the reason (s) individuals are said to resist change because of habit and inertia, fear of the unknown, absence of the skills they will need after the change, and fear of losing power. OD approaches to organizational changeRead MoreMGT 311 Week 4 Team Assignment1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmust do the following in your role as consultants: I) Section I: Change Management Plan I. Identify the current formal and informal power structures in the organization. How might the power and political structure of the organization affect employee behavior? i. Jessica Nodsle: The most appropriate and effective organization structures for Riordan Manufacturing is a bureaucratic structure. By standardizing there customer data information history into one process with data stored in one centralRead MoreExtrinsic Rewards Are the Best Motivation to Drive Performance1900 Words   |  8 Pagesbetter organisational performance. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the drivers of motivation in reference to organisational performance. Specifically the analysis will look at financial or extrinsic rewards and the impact they make to overall employee motivation. Wage incentives have been used to motivate employees since before preindustrial times, with the theory that a financial reward (including commissions, bonuses etc.) is liked to motivation and overall performance, with fair pay drivingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Issue of IT Ethics2194 Words   |  9 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Over the last several years, the issue of IT ethics has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because of transformations occurring through rapid advancements and the way various applications are utilized. To fully understand what is taking place requires conducting an annotated bibliography on the subject and the impact it is having on these standards. These findings will highlight the overall scope of the challenges and the long term effects they are havingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Security and Crime in Cyberspace3308 Words   |  13 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Over the last several years, the issue of IT ethics has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because of transformations occurring through rapid advancements and the way various applications are utilized. To fully understand what is taking place requires conducting an annotated bibliography on the subject and the impact it is having on these standards. These findings will highlight the overall scope of the challenges and the long term effects they are having

The Impact Of The On A Child s Development - 1737 Words

Parents: maybe the one of the biggest impacts on a child’s development. The influence parents have on their children is tremendous. They can quite easily help or hinder their child’s development by their parenting style and the opportunities they afford for their children. The nuclear family has a mom and a dad, which is the societal norm. With the passing of gay marriage this year, the questions and prejudice of same-sex parents have been brought to light and revived. Concerns about whether or not same-sex couples are fit to be parents are ramped. Are same-sex couples more likely to raise non-heterosexual children than heterosexual couples? This is the question that will be answered in the following literature review. A body of†¦show more content†¦One study conducted a meta-analysis of existing research to determine the impacts of same-sex and heterosexual couples throughout 22 studies. The analysis found that there was no difference in parenting styles of homosexual or heterosexual couples, and there was no difference in the emotional adjustment for the children (Allen Burrell, 1997). Another study based on 30 lesbian mothers with children due to donor insemination (DI), 38 heterosexual parents with children due to DI, and 30 heterosexual couples with naturally conceived kids, found that the lesbian mothers raise children similar to both the heterosexual parents groups. The quality of parent-child relationships and emotional/behavioral development of kids from lesbian’s mothers did not differ from the relationships or emotional/behavioral development of kids from both the heterosexual parents groups (Brewaeys, Ponjaert, Van Hall, Golombok, 1997). To further add too the previous findings, one study of 27 lesbian, 29 gay, and 50 heterosexual parents and their children found that sexual orientation does not affect parenting (Farr, Forssell, Patterson, 2010). Child development was assessed based on Child Behavior Checklist (CBC L), the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF), and Preschoolers’ activity inventory. These inventories assessed emotional, behavioral, and gender role development. None of the findings among children of lesbian, gay, or heterosexual parents differed (Farr et

The Vampire Diaries The Fury Chapter One Free Essays

Elena stepped into the clearing. Beneath her feet tatters of autumn leaves were freezing into the slush. Dusk had fallen, and although the storm was dying away the woods were getting colder. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter One or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elena didn’t feel the cold. Neither did she mind the dark. Her pupils opened wide, gathering up tiny particles of light that would have been invisible to a human. She could see the two figures struggling beneath the great oak tree quite clearly. One had thick dark hair, which the wind had churned into a tumbled sea of waves. He was slightly taller than the other, and although Elena couldn’t see his face she somehow knew his eyes were green. The other had a shock of dark hair as well, but his was fine and straight, almost like the pelt of an animal. His lips were drawn back from his teeth in fury, and the lounging grace of his body was gathered into a predator’s crouch. His eyes were black. Elena watched them for several minutes without moving. She’d forgotten why she had come here, why she’d been pulled here by the echoes of their battle in her mind. This close the clamor of their anger and hatred and pain was almost deafening, like silent shouts coming from the fighters. They were locked in a death match. I wonder which of them will win, she thought. They were both wounded and bleeding, and the taller one’s left arm hung at an unnatural angle. Still, he had just slammed the other against the gnarled trunk of an oak tree. His fury was so strong that Elena could feel and taste it as well as hear it, and she knew it was giving him impossible strength. And then Elena remembered why she had come. How could she have forgotten? He was hurt. His mind had summoned her here, battering her with shock waves of rage and pain. She had come to help him because she belonged to him. The two figures were down on the icy ground now, righting like wolves, snarling. Swiftly and silently Elena went to them. The one with the wavy hair and green eyes- Stefan, a voice in her mind whispered-was on top, fingers scrabbling at the other’s throat. Anger washed through Elena, anger and protectiveness. She reached between the two of them to grab that choking hand, to pry the fingers up. It didn’t occur to her that she shouldn’t be strong enough to do this. She was strong enough; that was all. She threw her weight to the side, wrenching her captive away from his opponent. For good measure, she bore down hard on his wounded arm, knocking him flat on his face in the leaf-strewn slush. Then she began to choke him from behind. Her attack had taken him by surprise, but he was far from beaten. He struck back at her, his good hand fumbling for her throat. His thumb dug into her windpipe. Her attack had taken him by surprise, but he was far from beaten. He struck back at her, his good hand fumbling for her throat. His thumb dug into her windpipe. But he was stronger than she was. With a jerk of his shoulders, he broke her hold on him and twisted in her grasp, flinging her down. And then he was above her, his face contorted with animal fury. She hissed at him and went for his eyes with her nails, but he knocked her hand away. He was going to kill her. Even wounded, he was by far the stronger. His lips had drawn back to show teeth already stained with scarlet. Like a cobra, he was ready to strike. Then he stopped, hovering over her, his face changing. Elena saw the green eyes widen. The pupils, which had been contracted to vicious dots, sprang open. He was staring down at her as if truly seeing her for the first time. Why was he looking at her that way? Why didn’t he just get it over with? But now the iron hand on her shoulder was releasing her. The animal snarl had disappeared, replaced by a look of bewilderment and wonder. He sat back, helping her to sit up, all the while gazing into her face. â€Å"Elena,† he whispered. His voice was cracked. â€Å"Elena, it’s you.† Is that who I am? she thought. Elena? It didn’t really matter. She cast a glance toward the old oak tree. He was still there, standing between the upthrust roots, panting, supporting himself against it with one hand. He was looking at her with his endlessly black eyes, his brows drawn together in a frown. Don’t worry, she thought. I can take care of this one. He’s stupid. Then she flung herself on the green-eyed one again. â€Å"Elena!† he cried as she knocked him backward. His good hand pushed at her shoulder, holding her up. â€Å"Elena, it’s me, Stefan! Elena, look at me!† She was looking. All she could see was the exposed patch of skin at his neck. She hissed again, upper lip drawing back, showing him her teeth. He froze. She felt the shock reverberate through his body, saw his gaze shatter. His face went as white as if someone had struck him a blow in the stomach. He shook his head slightly on the muddy ground. â€Å"No,† he whispered. â€Å"Oh, no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He seemed to be saying it to himself, as if he didn’t expect her to hear him. He reached a hand toward her cheek, and she snapped at it. â€Å"Oh, Elena†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he whispered. The last traces of fury, of animal bloodlust, had disappeared from his face. His eyes were dazed and stricken and grieving. The last traces of fury, of animal bloodlust, had disappeared from his face. His eyes were dazed and stricken and grieving. He stared at her a moment, the pain in his eyes reaching a peak, and then he simply gave up. He stopped fighting completely. She could feel it happen, feel the resistance leave his body. He lay on the icy ground with scraps of oak leaves in his hair, staring up past her at the black and clouded sky. Finish it, his weary voice said in her mind. Elena hesitated for an instant. There was something about those eyes that called up memories inside her. Standing in the moonlight, sitting in an attic room†¦ But the memories were too vague. She couldn’t get a grasp on them, and the effort made her dizzy and sick. And this one had to die, this green-eyed one called Stefan. Because he’d hurt him, the other one, the one Elena had been born to be with. No one could hurt him and live. She clamped her teeth into his throat and bit deep. She realized at once that she wasn’t doing it quite right. She hadn’t hit an artery or vein. She worried at the throat, angry at her own inexperience. It felt good to bite something, but not much blood was coming. Frustrated, she lifted up and bit again, feeling his body jerk in pain. Much better. She’d found a vein this time, but she hadn’t torn it deeply enough. A little scratch like that wouldn’t do. What she needed was to rip it right across, to let the rich hot blood stream out. Her victim shuddered as she worked to do this, teeth raking and gnawing. She was just feeling the flesh give way when hands pulled at her, lifting her from behind. Elena snarled without letting go of the throat. The hands were insistent though. An arm looped about her waist, fingers twined in her hair. She fought, clinging with teeth and nails to her prey. Let go of him. Leave him! The voice was sharp and commanding, like a blast from a cold wind. Elena recognized it and stopped struggling with the hands that pulled her away. As they deposited her on the ground and she looked up to see him, a name came into her mind. Damon. His name was Damon. She stared at him sulkily, resentful of being yanked away from her kill, but obedient. Stefan was sitting up, his neck red with blood. It was running onto his shirt. Elena licked her lips, feeling a throb like a hunger pang that seemed to come from every fiber of her being. She was dizzy again. â€Å"I thought,† Damon said aloud, â€Å"that you said she was dead.† He was looking at Stefan, who was even paler than before, if that was possible. That white face filled with infinite hopelessness. â€Å"Look at her† was all he said. A hand cupped Elena’s chin, tilting her face up. She met Damon’s narrowed dark eyes directly. Then long, slender fingers touched her lips, probing between them. Instinctively Elena tried to bite, but not very hard. Damon’s finger found the sharp curve of a canine tooth, and Elena did bite now, giving it a nip like a kitten’s. Damon’s face was expressionless, his eyes hard. â€Å"Do you know where you are?† he said. Elena glanced around. Trees. â€Å"In the woods,† she said craftily, looking back at him. â€Å"And who is that?† She followed his pointing finger. â€Å"Stefan,† she said indifferently. â€Å"Your brother.† â€Å"And who am I? Do you know who I am?† She smiled up at him, showing him her pointed teeth. â€Å"Of course I do. You’re Damon, and I love you.† How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter One, Essay examples

Motivational Interviewing free essay sample

Reprinted with permission from Health Communications, publisher of Counselor (formerly Professional Counselor), www. counselormagazine. com. All rights reserved. Removing Barriers: Dual Diagnosis Treatment and Motivational Interviewing In the past, traditional treatment methods for drug addiction and alcoholism have been characteristically intense and confrontational. They are designed to break down a client’s denial, defenses, and/or resistance to his or her addictive disorders, as they are perceived by the provider. Admissions criteria to substance abuse treatment programs usually require abstinence from all illicit substances. Potential clients are expected to have some awareness of the problems caused by substance abuse and be motivated to receive treatment. In contrast, traditional treatment methods for mental illness have been supportive, benign and non-threatening. They are designed to maintain the clients already-fragile defenses. Clients entering the mental health system are generally not seeking treatment for their substance abuse problems. Frequently clients within the mental health system who actively abuse drugs and alcohol are not formally identified. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If they are, they do not admit to such substance use. As some attention began to focus on clients with both substance abuse problems and mental illnesses, it quickly became apparent that new methods and interventions were necessary. Working with dual disorder clients who deny substance abuse, who are unmotivated for substance abuse treatment, and who are unable to tolerate intense confrontation, required a new model, a non-confrontational approach to the engagement and treatment of this special population. I first developed such a treatment model in 1984, with the goal of providing nonjudgmental acceptance of all symptoms and experiences related to both mental illness and substance disorders. A brief history Such treatment interventions and integrated programs which truly adapted to the needs of severely mentally ill chemical abusers had their genesis in 1984 at a New York state outpatient psychiatric facility. In 1985, these integrated treatment programs were implemented across multiple program sites. Concurrently, treatment and program elements were taught through training seminars in New York as well as nationally. In September 1986, the New York State Commission on Quality of Care (CQC) released the findings of 18 months of research. In their report, they described the detachment and downward spiral of dually diagnosed consumers, who were bounced among different systems with no definitive locus of responsibility. As a result, New York’s governor designated the state Office of Mental Health as the lead agency responsible for coordinating collective efforts for this population. The commission visited the dual diagnosis programs developed in 1984, and declared the treatment interventions, the training, and integrated programs to be positive solutions to the dilemma. When a 1987 Time magazine investigation of these programs revealed that at least 50 percent of the 1. 5 million to 2 million Americans with severe mental illness abuse illicit drugs or alcohol as compared to 15 percent of the general population the doubly troubled were brought to the attention of the general public. A gubernatorial task force declared its vision for statewide program development and a training site for program and staff development in the treatment of mentally ill chemical abusers was created to attain that vision. Short-term and on-going training and program development was provided to hundreds of New York’s treatment providers at both state and local mental health and substance abuse agencies. Consumer-led and family-support programs were also developed. The state produced a training video that demonstrated the integrated treatment model, however, the training site closed in 1990 due to budgetary considerations. Programs and groups that grew out of this model continue to be an important nucleus of current services in New York and nationally. These treatment interventions evolved in adaptation to the needs of the dual diagnosis clients. Methods and philosophies clearly differed from traditional substance abuse treatment. Consumers who were actively abusing substances, physically addicted, unstable, and unmotivated, were engaged through a non-confrontational approach to denial and resistance, and acceptance of all symptoms. Consumers participated in treatment groups without pressure to self-disclose, and explored topics from their own erspectives. Subsequent providers either learned from this model, or came upon similar processes through their own experimentation. How it works The phase-by-phase interventions from denial to abstinence begin by assessing the clients readiness to engage in treatment. Readiness levels are accepted as starting points for treatment, rather than points of confrontat ion or criteria for elimination. Mental health and substance abuse programs who integrate these programs, implement screening forms to identify clients who have dual disorders. Identified clients are followed up for engagement and assessment of readiness. Clients are encouraged to participate in dual diagnosis treatment even if they do not accept or agree to the presence of a substance disorder. Clients may participate on the basis of their interest in learning more about mental health and substance disorders, or with the belief that they may be able to lend support to others who are seeking help, among other reasons. The process then proceeds from identification to the engagement phase. The objective in the engagement phase is to develop comfortable and trusting relationships and, if possible, to expose the client to information about the etiology and processes of these illnesses in an empathic and educational manner. The client is given the opportunity to critique the information presented, rather than being told about any particular fact. Interaction effects between symptoms of mental illness and substance disorders are also included in this exploration. Clients at this phase are not required to disclose personal experiences or to admit they use or abuse substances until they are comfortable doing so. The inclusion of educational materials and discussion topics allows for discussion of the issues and impersonal participation. Clients are encouraged to move along a continuum from â€Å"exploration† to â€Å"acknowledgment† of their symptoms. This includes: * attaining a level of trust necessary to discuss their own use of substances and/or symptoms of mental illness; * the exploration and subsequent discovery of any problems or interaction affects that result from substance use and mental health symptoms; * considerations and motivation for addressing these problems; * active engagement in a process f treatment that seeks to eliminate symptoms; * attainment of partial or full remission; * and participation in an individualized maintenance regime for relapse prevention. These programs are implemented as components of existing mental health, and substance abuse programs, and thereby provide integrated treatment. Materials developed for the implementation of this treatme nt process include screening instruments, with separate instruments used for detecting substance abuse among persons who are known to have a mental illness, and detecting mental illness among those persons who are known to have substance abuse/dependence. The pre-group interview provides engagement strategies and a scale to indicate the clients level of readiness or motivation to participate in treatment. The comprehensive assessment reviews past and present mental illness, substance abuse, and interaction effects. Forms for progress reviews and updates include criteria necessary to measure change throughout the phases of movement toward readiness for treatment, active treatment, and relapse prevention. Forms for data collection include programmatic information regarding statistics, client participation, and outcome. See Figure one. Figure 1: Sciacca Treatment Model for Dual Diagnosis* Program Form/Intervention 1. Screening: Mental health, dual disorders, DD CAGE, substance abuse, MISF. 2. Pre-group interview and readiness scale. Engagement. Process and Outcome Identification of potential dual diagnosis clients. a. Engagement into group treatment; b. Assessment of readiness level (1-5). Client requires engagement beyond pre-group interview. Phase 1: Client does not disclose personal situation, participates in discussions or educational materials/topics, develops trust. 3. Continuation of engagement (when applicable). 4. Provide group treatment. 5. Complete monthly data form for each group. . Administer comprehensive assessment (phase two): Phase 2: a. Client discusses own a. Integrate information into treatment plan; b. Make diagnosis. 7. Client progress review updated periodically, includes readiness scale. substance abuse/mental health. Continuation of Phase 2: b. Client identifies adverse effects, and/or interaction between dual disorders Continuation of Phase 2 : c. Client recognizes impact of symptoms upon well being. Phase 3: a. Client becomes motivated for treatment. b. Client actively engages in treatment and symptom management until stability and/or remission is achieved. . Client participates in relapse prevention. 8. Client continues in treatment and/or relapse prevention. *from Journal of Mental Health Administration, Vol. 23,No. 3 Summer 1996, SAGE Publications Program Developmnet Across Systems for Dual Diagnosis: Mental Illness Drug Addiction and Alcoholism, MIDAA by: Sciacca, K. Thompson, C.. pp. 288-297. Motivational interviewing As the dual diagnosis treatment model for substance abuse treatment evolved within the mental health system, motivational interviewing evolved within the field of alcoholism treatment. Some striking similarities can be found in both philosophy and methodology in comparison to dual diagnosis treatment, including the points of departure from traditional substance abuse treatment: Dual disorder treatment and motivational interviewing: * forego traditional treatment-readiness criteria and begin at the clients stage of readiness/motivation and degree of symptomatology. * do not utilize intense, confrontational interventions in response to denial or resistance. * advocate the need for the development of trust as essential to the treatment process. advocate acceptance, empathy and respect for the clients perceptions, beliefs and opinions. They tolerate disagreement and dispel moral and judgmental beliefs. * do not interpret relapse as treatment failure, or employ punitive consequences. * convey and/or provide a hopeful vision, a belief in the possibility of change, and support self-efficacy. The authors of motivational interviewing (Miller and Rollnick, 1991) detailed t he underlying beliefs that form the foundation for intense confrontational traditional substance abuse treatment. They have conducted literature searches and research around the principles of this foundation and have found no supporting evidence for these widely held beliefs. One main example is the belief that motivation is a personality problem. This assumption is that alcoholics, addicts, offenders, etc. , possess extremely potent defense mechanisms that are deeply ingrained in their personality and character. These defenses are considered to be nonresponsive to ordinary means of therapy and thereby justify aggressive confrontational interventions. In view of their findings Miller and Rollnick assert that here is not, and never has been, a scientific basis for the assertion that alcoholics (let alone people suffering from all addictive behaviors) manifest a common consistent personality pattern characterized by excessive ego-defense mechanisms. Within motivational interviewing, confrontation is recognized as a treatment goal not a style. It is part of the change process that includes awaren ess raising. It is likened to Carl Rogers’ client-centered philosophy, which sought to provide a safe atmosphere for the examination of self and change. Like dual diagnosis treatment, confrontation is not used in response to clients denial or resistance. A state of readiness Motivational interviewing strategies correlate to client readiness based upon the stages of change theory (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1984). Stages of change are represented in the form of the wheel of change, which indicates that one can go around the wheel several times. (See Figure 2 for stages, motivational interviewing and dual diagnosis correlates. ) The five principles of motivational interviewing that entail a therapists style as well as strategy also correlate to dual diagnosis treatment interventions. See Figure 3 below. ) Figure 2: Stages of Change and Accompanying Tasks Stages of Change Prochaska and DiClemente Motivation al Interviewi ng Task Miller and Rollnick Dual Diagnois Phase Sciacca Dual Diagnosis Intervention Task Sciacca 1. Precontemplation stage: Person does not consider the possibility for change. Raise doubt; increase clients perception of risks and problems with current behavior. Identification and Engagement: Client identification; engagement process; assessment of readiness level. Phase One: Client is not required to disclose personal situation; participates in discussions of educational topics and materials; develops Engage client to participate in a treatment process that includes exposure and discussion of numerous elements of addictive disorders, recovery, mental illness and interactions effects. Client participation does not require acknowledgment of substance abuse problem. 2. Contemplation stage: Marked by ambivalence; person both considers change and rejects it. Tip the balance, evoke reasons to change, risks of not changing, strengthen selfefficacy. Provide information about discrete disorders and dual disorders; express empathy regarding the real properties of these disorders, including physiology and the process of recovery; dispel moral beliefs and judgements; allow client to participate as critic of information; respect clients knowledge and opinions. trust. 3. Preparation -Determination stage: Person considers various strategies for change. Help client determine best course of action. Phase Two: Client discusses own substance use and mental health; identifies adverse effects and/or interactions between dual disorders; recognizes impact of symptoms upon well being. Phase Three: Client becomes motivated for treatment; actively engages in treatment or symptom management until stability and/or remission is achieved. Phase Three: Client participates in relapse prevention. Assist client to identify and understand adverse effects of symptoms and behavior; provide information and discussion of strategies and treatment approaches that have potential to bring symptoms into remission; administer comprehensive assessment and convey findings to client. 4. Action stage: Person engages in particular actions designed to bring about change. Help client to take steps toward change. Support client’s efforts toward change, including selfefficacy; assist client to make necessary adjustments to utilization of strategies and/or adjunct services or interventions; assist client to recognize or acknowledge positive effects of change as it occurs; assist client to recognize need for continued supports for sustained change. 5. Maintenance stage: Person strives to sustain changes made in action phase. Help client identify and use strategies to prevent relapse; client may exit wheel, into permanent maintenance. Help client renew process of contemplation, determination and action, without becoming stuck or demoralized due to relapse. Assist client to develop network of supports; utilize and adjust to each of these supports; gain a working understanding of clients motivation for change; explore and understand client’s use of deterrents from previous behaviors; explore and avoid potential relapse pitfalls. 6. Relapse stage: Person has minor slips or major relapses; seen as normal part of change process. Relapse: Client has minor slip or major relapse. Assist client to renew motivation and efforts; explore utilization of, or failure to, utilize previous deterrents to relapse; explore and discover possible pitfalls; help client to learn from relapse; relapse is not considered to be a failure of treatment; client does not suffer treatmentmodel-imposed consequences; empathy, support and encouragement are provided until client moves beyond relapse. Removing barriers Dual diagnosis treatment approaches and motivational interviewing interventions represent far-reaching changes for substance abuse treatment and comprehensive services, within both the mental health and substance abuse systems. The removal of the long-standing barriers of traditional substance abuse treatment readiness criteria opens the way for persons with various profiles of singular, dual and multiple disorders, including the homeless, the incarcerated, and others who have been disengaged. These people will be provided an opportunity to develop the trust necessary to participate in an exploration of their situation, and thereby to make informed decisions regarding change These non-confrontational, non-threatening approaches that are necessary for those who have a severe mental illness will also embrace others who might never have the opportunity to participate in substance abuse treatment due to their inability to acknowledge substance abuse as a problem, become motivated, or tolerate intense confrontational interactions. Figure 3: Motivational Interviewing Principles And Dual Diagnosis Correlates Motivational Interviewing Technique 1. Express empathy. This is seen as the corner-stone of the intervention process and relates to all and any experiences conveyed by the client. It is marked by the underlying attitude of acceptance. It includes warmth and reflective listening in an effort to understand the clients feelings and perspectives without judging, criticizing or blaming. It conveys respect. Ambivalence is accepted as a normal part of human experience not as psychopathology. 2. Develop discrepancy. Awareness of consequences is important. A discrepancy between present behavior and important goals will motivate change. The client should present the arguments for change. Dual Diagnosis Correlate Acceptance of all symptoms in all phases is essential. The development of trust is a part of the treatment process. Understanding and pro-viding information about the real properties of each disorder, and dispelling moral beliefs, stigma and judgments is a formative goal. Provide atmosphere that is conducive for client to move toward self disclosure through trust. Assist client to recognize adverse effects and consequences of singular/dual disorders and interaction effects through an integral understanding of information and personal experience. Acknowledge and actualize clients considerations for change through discussion. 3. Avoid Argumentation. Arguments are counter productive. Defending breeds defensiveness. Resistance is a signal to change strategies. Labeling is unnecessary. Clients opinions and beliefs are respected. Therapist and peers may hold different views but they are not expressed in rebuttal to clients beliefs. Defending is unnecessary. A non-confrontational approach to resistance or denial is utilized. Client explores effects or symptoms of various disorders and does not have to accept labels. Topic areas are explored from many different perspectives, with client as critic versus student. The client is a valuable resource in finding solutions to problems. In group treatment all clients participate in finding solutions for themselves and one another. Support, encouragement and the belief in the possibility of change is essential. For clients who have severe mental ealth symptoms that may impair a vision for the future, the therapist must envision the outcome of change and pre-sent such possibilities to the client. The client participates in the course of action for change. 4. Roll with resistance. New perspectives are invited by not imposed. The client is a valuable resource in finding solutions to problems. 5. Support self-efficacy. Belief in the possibility of change is an important motiv ator. The client is responsible for choosing and carrying out personal change. There is hope in the range of alternative approaches available. As the number of mental health and other providers who find the new nonconfrontational approaches to be comfortable and in keeping with their therapeutic style increases, the total number of substance abuse treatment providers will rise correspondingly. This will greatly increase the availability of substance abuse services. Most important, the quality of care will proceed in the direction of the development of trust, respect, empathy, empowerment, and will measure success along a multitude of criteria. The systemic changes will yield both mental health and substance abuse agencies more comprehensive in scope. This will change the course of history that has eliminated dually diagnosed clients and other client profiles who have been deemed unmotivated or not ready for treatment. Agencies may readily include services that employ an exploratory versus expert approach. This will provide many opportunities to provide education within all models of service. For some substance abuse practitioners dual diagnosis treatment and motivational interviewing interventions may represent a dramatic departure from their current practice and echniques. Miller and Rollnick suggest that motivational interviewing techniques be included in ones tool box of interventions and be utilized when traditional approaches fail. It is clear that these new interventions and efforts to accomplish comprehensive care will carry forward into the new millennium. Each of these changes represents models of inclusion and will replace the exclusionary models that have resulted in serious casualties among persons who suffer with sin gular, dual or multiple disorders. Kathleen Sciacca is founding executive director of Sciacca Comprehensive Service Development for Mental Illness, Drug Addiction and Alcoholism (MIDAA) in New York City. She is a nationally and internationally known consultant, program developer, lecturer, and seminar leader for dual diagnosis and a trainer of motivational interviewing. Sciacca is author of the MIDAA Service Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Program Implementation and Integrated Treatment for Dual Disorders, and producer of the education and training video, Integrated Treatment for MIDAA: The Alaska Example. Dual Diagnosis Website: http://pobox. com/~dualdiagnosis Motivational interviewing free essay sample Introduction Motivational interviewing may be defined as â€Å"a collaborative, goal-oriented style of communication with particular attention to the language of change. It is designed to strengthen personal motivation for and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring the person’s own reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion† (Miller and Rollnick 2012). It is this students aim to demonstrate an understanding of this concept. This will be achieved by critiquing a digital recording of a case scenario that this student previously recorded. Throughout this essay an understanding of the guiding principles used in motivational interviewing will be discussed along with interviewing skills. This student will critique herself on the use of the guiding principles and skills during the digital recording. Skills Motivational Interviewing (MI) involves certain techniques that help bring MI ‘to life’ so to speak. These skills demonstrate the MI principles; they guide the process toward provoking patient change talk and commitment change. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational interviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Change talk in a patient is an indication for the nurse the patient is considering the possibility of change. There are different types of change talk which can be described using the acronym DARN. D- Desire (I want to change) A- ability (I can change) R- reason (the importance of change) and N-need (I should change). Another set of vital skills are used to bring about this ‘change talk’. This time the acronym OARS is used. O- Open ended question; these questions are not easily answered by simply saying ‘yes/no’. These questions encourage elaboration. A- Affirmation; these are statements that help recognise patients strengths; this helps the patient feel that change is possible. R- Reflection; this is an important skill in MI; it links in the principle ‘listen with empathy’. This skill is about listening carefully to give reflective responses. This helps the patient feel that s/he is being understood. S- Summarise; this allows the nurse and patient recap on the highlights of the conversation, it can see both sides of the patient’s ambivalence therefore both the patient and nurse can select what information should be included and what information can be minimised. Throughout the digital recording I felt as though I severely lacked these skills however change talk did occur throughout the end with the patient stating â€Å"I know I should change†. Principles The principles of Motivational Interviewing (MI) were developed in 2002; expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, developing discrepancy and rolling with resistance (Miller and Rollnick, 2002). Recently new principles were established using the acronym RULE; R- resist the righting reflex, U- understand your clients motivation, L- listen to your client and E- empower your client (Rollnick 2008). Resist the righting reflex: correcting a patient or giving them an alternative rather than providing guidance is often a common flaw among nurses. Resist the righting reflex refers to the inclination of wanting to fix the problem straight away and by doing so decreasing the likelihood of the patient themselves wanting to change (Rosengren, 2009). Throughout the digital recording I can see myself wanting to change the persons smoking habit asking her â€Å"have you ever thought about giving up As it is seriously affecting your health. † Instead I should have asked a more open question such as â€Å"How do you feel about cutting down on cigarettes? † . As a nurse, we have the desire to help our patients change a situation so they become happier, healthier or perhaps lead a more productive life-style. The phrase â€Å"resist the righting reflex† refers to the need to resist the tendency to set our patients on the right track towards the goal we want to achieve with them. As humans we have a natural tendency to avoid persuasion (Rollnick and Miller 2002). We can see this in the digital recording at the start, the minute I offer for her to go and see â€Å"someone†, she immediately backs up by saying â€Å"no, it’s not the right time†. According to Herman et al 2011, when we, as humans, hear reasons why we should change, our minds automatically contemplate reasons why we shouldn’t. In this situation the patient has other â€Å"issues† going on in her life at the present moment rather that quitting smoking. As a nurse I have to accept this. It was poorly portrayed in the digital recording in my opinion. Resistance is the active process of pushing against reason for change (Herman et al 2011). This active process can be influenced by nurses either positively or negatively. Increased resistance may occur by convincing the patient they have a problem, arguing the benefits of change if the patient changes, by telling the patient how to change and by warning the patient of the consequences if they do not change (Moyers et al, 2007). In the digital recording, I can see myself using these negative influences, I warn the patient of serious health consequences caused by smoking, I also say that her â€Å"angina is linked with smoking†. In future I will not take such a harsh approach and let the patient realise him/herself the situation with guidance from myself. I can see I interrupt the patient quite frequently which naturally enough puts strain on the conversation. However, as nurses we can positively influence the patient by using the concept developed by Rollnick and Miller (2002); â€Å"rolling with resistance†. This principle avoids confronting the patient when resistance occurs. Any proclamations or action that may demonstrate resistance remain unchallenged. This in turn helps the patient to define their own problem and therefore can develop a unique solution which leaves little time to resist. In other words, the nurse through guidance and support avoids the ‘righting reflex’, he/she lets the patient express their problem and concern and with guidance, construct a solution while making sure the patient understands the motives for change. Towards the end of the digital recording we can hear ‘change talk’, the patient states â€Å"I know smoking is bad†, I feel I did guide the patient better towards the end eventually getting a deeper insight to her situation and felt a sense of achievement. Understand your patient motivations: In order for the patient to want to change for his/her own benefit, the motivational interviewer must understand the patients motivations. The purpose of MI is that motivation must come from within the patient (Rollinick et al 2008). In other words as nurses we should not motivate our patients; we help them to seek their own unique motivation factor as the patient’s own reasons for change are most likely to trigger change (Miller and Rollinick, 2002). As nurses, we help the patient recognise where they are and where they want to be. It is important for the patient themselves to recognise the discrepancies that already exist and how their behaviour impacts their goal. Miller and Rollinick (2002) describe how a patient may very well want to stop something i. e. their level of alcohol consumption or the amount of cigarettes smoked per day, however they want to and they don’t want to. We can see an example of this in the recording the patient states â€Å"I want to give up but I don’t want to†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this isn’t the right time†. This ambivalence is part of human nature. Patients are naturally ambivalent. It is seen as normal as it is a natural process of change (Tobutt 2011). Rollinick et al, 2008 states that â€Å"When a person seems unmotivated to change or take the sound advice of practitioners, it is often assumed that there is something the matter with the patient and that there is not much one can do about it. These assumptions are usually false. No person is completely unmotivated†. This is seen throughout the digital recording, you can see how ambivalent the patient is. She wants to cut down her smoking habit but it’s not the right time. The patient is seen to lack motivation. However I have used the skill of open questioning to get the patient to express the reason behind this. Through active listening I was able to identify a problem that may be an obstacle in the path to achieve the goal we wanted. At the end the patient identified her own goal, she found motivation from within. Listen with empathy: this principle contains two vital words associated with MI. Listen and empathy. According to Rosengren (2009), listening may be obvious however putting this into practice may prove otherwise. Throughout the digital recording I did look as if I was listening attentively, however I do remember how difficult the skill active listening was. I had to be aware of my body language at all times. Although I have my arms crossed throughout the recording, my body stance was not uninviting in my opinion. Eye contact was also important. I feel I achieved this during the recording without being too empowering. Patients come to us nurses for advice and for our expertise. An environment in which a patient feels comfortable exploring and expressing their feelings must be created. We can create this by being empathetic. In the digital recording it is obvious the patient wanted to talk to myself not some other professional. I did not recognise this at first as I keep saying â€Å"do you want to speak to someone (councillor) about this? † I should have realised this and appreciated the fact that I was the one she wanted to speak to. I repeated this statement too many times; I feel if this was a real life patient/nurse situation, the patient would not open up to me. In future I will be more acutely aware of these situations. To approach a situation with empathy provides an environment for the patient to be heard and understood. Miller and Rollinick (2002) described this type of approach as a â€Å"fundamental and defining characteristic†. Empathy involves seeing the world through the patient’s eyes. If the patient feels understood they open up more and let the nurse or listener in on their deeper thoughts and feelings (McCabe 2004). Rosengren (2009) believes clinicians express this vital principle by using the skill ‘reflective listening’. I feel as if I did not give enough empathy to the patient at the start I did not giving her enough time to speak as I often interrupted. However the patient did open up in the end expressing her deeper feelings to me so perhaps she did feel at ease telling me about her situation. In my opinion I relaxed more as the digital recording went on, this influenced the patient and the conversation flowed more as a result. Conclusion In conclusion this student has learned a lot about motivational interviewing and how important it is to put these principles into nursing practice. MI is imperative to nursing practice, as it involves patient desires, thoughts and feelings as a way to encourage the patients themselves to express their own barriers to change and to explore and resolve ambivalence to behavioural change. This student will take a lot of valuable lessons away with her after completing this assignment. In future this student feels she will have less frustration with those who aren’t planning to change and more patience with those who are contemplating change but are still full of ambivalence. This student has learned how important the skills are in relation to the principles. In order to follow the guiding principles, skills should be followed to achieve the best possible outcome in patient centred care.